The Physics Preview for the 21st century

The Randa Major

Rational Interpretations for the Academic Humanist

Volume 1 Issue 2.0    March 26, 1998 (C) John Reed

Neutron Stars and Black Holes

Introduction

The formation of the solar system is thought to be the result of an accretion of atomic aggregate matter in response to a universal force called gravity. The planet and star cores are thought to be composed of atomic aggregate matter. The entire concept as a paradigm, leads us to the idea of neutron stars and black holes.

In a few pages of text I will challenge these concepts and replace them with an alternate view. The descriptions that follow are based on the several prior papers that have been published on this website. In addition to these papers, copyrights extend back to 1987 that show the basis for the ideas. The initial insight that led me to develop the concept of the randa minor and major occurred on a rooftop in the high desert of California sometime during the summer of 1970.

NeutronStar

By 1924 Alexander Aleksandrovich Friedman, a mathematical theorist at the University of Petrograd, solved Einstein's equations for general relativity absent the cosmological constant. As a result of his solutions, Friedman concluded that the universe could: 1) expand forever, 2) collapse from relativistic gravity, or 3) maintain a steady state. Around this same time frame, Hubble had noticed that far galaxies were receding away from us at phenomenal velocity, according to the red shift data. In 1927, to account for the apparent expansion, Georges Henri Joseph Edouard Lemaitre proposed that a primordial atom-star had exploded some time in the past to create the present universe. Eddington gathered these data together and formally introduced the early theory of a big bang and an expanding universe.

The atom-star is the main idea for a super compressed state of matter. A modified form of the idea soon developed from the mathematics. The idea of a neutron star is explained by the join of electrons and protons to create neutrons. In the join, the large amount of Rutherford space inside the atom between the electron and proton vanishes. As a result, a single piece of this theoretical nuclear matter, one centimeter in diameter, would weigh 133 million tons on Earth. A centimeter is approximately 1/2 inch. The neutron star is the theoretical state of atomic aggregate matter, just before it collapses into a black hole. The neutron star and black hole are considered to be real objects today.

Much of what has been theorized about the pulsar has been held to meet the structural criteria for the neutron star. Many of the accompanying ideas for the structure have resulted from the data gained from the study of high energy collisions in particle physics. These data may be extremely misleading when viewed through the lens of the current paradigm.

Atomic Aggregate Matter

The idea that matter will remain in the atomic aggregate state (the state of matter at surface earth) under severe quantities of temperature and pressure, to result in a black hole, is not indicated by any known physical process. It is a conclusion that results from the mathematical development of the atomic aggregate structure, the universal attraction and controlling clauses of gravity, curved space geometry, and the idea for a fundamental but submissive photon. For a complementary and conflicting but more detailed view on the mathematics of this, I recommend a review of the other papers that are published on the Scientific Philosophy web ring.

Setting the viewpoints in the preceding paragraph aside, it is reasonable to investigate the consequence of the possibility that matter does not maintain an atomic aggregate state under severe magnitudes of pressure and temperature. Wolfgang Pauli introduced the exclusion principle. This principle speaks to the limit on matter compression by preventing any two electrons from occupying the same space. The Pauli exclusion principle is the one barricade to the ideas that follow. However, it is not a significant barricade since it can be overcome in the main paradigm by gravity. The randas will redefine the concept of gravity and eliminate the Pauli exclusion principle as well as the black hole.

To further assist in the introduction and development of the randa major, I will consider the problem areas in the science of physics where theory breaks down, is not resolved, or is so difficult that the area has not been successfully entertained. Many of these obscure areas are clarified as the logical consequence for the randa major. To my new readers who have not read the prior publications on this website, I offer the following: The analysis of the principles attendant to the neutron star, when viewed in terms of the randa minor, requires that the electrons and protons remain internal to the atom until a change of state occurs. The electrons will not join the protons.

Temperature and Pressure

The statistical method of analysis deals in large part with the measure of temperature. Our theoretical approach to the study of the interior of the Sun uses this technique. As a result, we think we understand the structure and distribution of matter at the interior of the Sun, better than we understand the behavior of matter at the interior of the Earth. We have no theoretical understanding of the density a substance should be at the pressures that are expected at the center of the Earth. Ironically, we think we have such an understanding of the interior of the Sun. With our knowledge of fusion and fission, together with our use of statistical analysis, we venture a deduction for a possible internal mechanics for the Sun.

In short, we consider that our knowledge of the behavior of matter is reasonably extensive within the realm of temperature, while recognizing that it is extremely limited in the area of great pressure. This is amplified somewhat by our idea that temperature results from atomic and molecular motion. At some magnitude of pressure, atomic motion may cease. If atomic motion stops no increase in temperature can be readily explained using the current paradigm. Pauli breaks down under the universal and controlling attraction clause of gravity, where the continued addition of mass must result in an increased pressure. When we combine temperature and pressure at immense magnitudes our subsequent theoretical development is left for us to consider without direct reference to experiment. Here we may extend our understanding by using the economic principle that accompanies stable physical systems. This is indicated by the level of stability displayed by the proton. If the proton is to persevere, it must do so according to the principle its stability operates from. If the proton does not persevere, we must again look to the principle in order to predict an outcome.