The Physics Preview
Limited Edition: Randa Minor Part 1
© John Reed
During the 19th century a ring representation for atomic structure was entertained. William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) adapted the work of Hermann Von Helmholtz, which dealt with the properties of a vortex in a frictionless fluid. Based on this work Thomson suggested that atoms could be explained by using different types of links and knots moving within a primordial form of matter called the aether. It was thought that this could explain the diversity of the different elements and supply the elasticity required by the kinetic theory, as well as the vibrations necessary to explain the spectral lines of each atom. The advantage of the ring shape included its mathematical convenience and its physical elasticity. In 1877, James Clerk Maxwell wrote, that Kelvin's vortex theory fulfilled the requirements for atomic structure, better than any other model. Maxwell expressed a hope that the approach could explain mass and gravitation as well.
At the time, the atom was regarded as the most fundamental form of matter. It was not known that the atom was to be regarded as mostly empty space and governed by forces other than gravitational and electromagnetic. As it developed, the problems for the vortex atom at the turn of the 19th century, included its inability to explain mass, the tendency for vortex rings to expand and dissipate, and its propensity for an infinite number of internal vibrations. In 1898, Lord Kelvin wrote, in a letter to S.W.Holman,
"... it is not possible to explain all the properties of matter by the vortex atom theory alone ... merely by motion of an incompressible fluid ... and I have not found it helpful in respect to crystalline configurations, or electrical, chemical, or gravitational forces ... With great regret I abandon the idea that a mere configuration of motion suffices."
Lord Kelvin ultimately concluded that purely mechanical models for the atom were inadequate. He later proposed an atom held together by electrical forces between points. This general approach was modified and used by J. J. Thomson. The vortex atom was soon forgotten in the wake of Michaelson and Morley and the successes and the problems that accompanied the theory of relativity, the photon, and quantum mechanics.
Today a ring shape can represent lines of force and the orientation of electromagnetic fields. It has a wave or particle quality intrinsic to its form. It can be an object or a probability function and maintain the properties of an economic symmetric. The problems associated with an aether are no longer at issue. The fundamental particles, in the mainstream, are represented as spherical in shape and their motion is consistent with the principle of least action. A sphere and a circle are each consistent with the principle of least action. Absent topological considerations, anything that can be described mathematically with a sphere, may also be described mathematically with a circle. Our building blocks can be shaped like billiard balls or like rings and retain a mathematical consistency. The ideas presented in this paper use the ring shape as a way to look at force fields, whether they are gravitational, nuclear, or electromagnetic. I incorporate the ring shape as the fundamental structural principle for the economic construction of stable systems. It is derived from the principle of least action and conceptually assisted with our notion of energy. This is the method. It is the most important aspect of this paper.
The Structural Principle
I state the following as a postulate for the purpose of this paper: The principle of least action reflects a potential for stability according to the extent of its occurrence within any closed cyclic system. It manifests as angular velocity, with cyclic regularity in time and area in stable system motion, and is treated mathematically, in the mainstream, primarily as angular momentum. It is the basis for all our classical conservation laws and the primary object for many of our mathematical constructs. It is the empirical, kinematic, orbital symmetric for Kepler and Newton in the classical solar frame, and the abstract, geometric, spacetime, world line (planet geodesic) for Einstein, in the frame for general relativity. The principle is represented in the Euclidean frame as a two dimensional circle.
Randa Minor Model: Physical Derivation
The idea that electromagnetic fields condense into matter is suggested by the large amount of hydrogen in the universe. Especially in the regions external to the galaxies. Hydrogen is the simplest stable atom to produce. The stable form of hydrogen is H2. The nascent form of hydrogen is highly reactive and subject to electromagnetic influences. These two forms of hydrogen may engage in a continual interplay that leads to aggregation. The single H2 aggregate may associate with other H2 aggregates preserving stability and avoiding decomposition and recomposition from newly condensing nascent H atoms. Condensation may be a typical means of representation for the manifestation of energy, common to the external interface of stable systems at their surround. The electron field internal to the atom manifests as a particle when separated from its nuclear attractor. The electromagnetic field of the stars and galaxies may condense into atoms external to their galactic and celestial internal attractors.
Assuming that the smallest unit of matter is built from fundamental units of energy and considering the fact that today energy is our ultimate all encompassing abstract mathematical quantity, we can provide a physical conceptualization to the process. Our science tells us that electromagnetic radiation may be a more specific definition for the ultimate unit of energy. Possibly, with the property of a theoretical, shortest wavelength, and a highest frequency. A polarity may trace to the directional property of EMR, related perhaps to the phenomena associated with comets tails (if we generalize the solar wind propulsion explanation), or some other, as yet unrecognized phenomena.
Light leaves an electromagnetic star. Light travels through an electromagnetic field. Light is the electromagnetic field. Light is electromagnetic. A string of light is electromagnetic. It can be defined with a linear polarization. Condensing with another linear polarized string, it joins. A transverse join. Every field link between magnetism and electromagnetism is transverse.
If we allow each EMR string to represent a magnitude of energy corresponding to a theoretical smallest unit of energy, our physical idea associated with the join of this quantity of energy, can be broadly attributed to condensed light. We represent the pre-condensed quantity of light as a straight line with a polar orientation at each extreme. As the light segment loses velocity and kinetic energy, or is at sufficient distance from its origin, at the extreme boundary of a star's magnetic field extent, its linearity may acquire a curvature corresponding to an increased inertia. As another consideration, the remote extent of one magnetic field, may, at an interface with another magnetic field, enter into an interaction at distances sufficient to tire light. The attraction toward another smallest unit of energy is not required (as we can use random encounters), but preferred. However, in a theoretical process of possible resulting unions, only the most stable unions survive. To conserve energy, the energy associated with frequency of the line segment, or string, representing the smallest unit of energy, may continue through the join. The manner of the join may be consistent with the principle of least action and the ultimate join may offer a high potential for stability.
To take a principle that threads through all stable systems and reduce it to its simplest form, in order to apply it to a specific system, is reasonable. Represented in this manner, a stable system may mathematically build, from energy to matter, consistent with the principle of least action. The atomic structure that results from the build should be consistent with known physical laws, since as a matter of hypothesis, these laws ultimately derive from the principle of least action.
The Structural Build
Figure 1. The randa minor is a construct for the field and component orientation of stable system models. The randa minor is a way to represent contained force fields.
I take the simplest, static geometrical representation of the principle of least action and apply it to the construction of matter, from energy. I begin with the economic enclosure of a two dimensional area and join it to its duplicate, to form a three dimensional object. Two uniform circles, each circumference through the center of the other with perpendicular plane orientation. An optimal union, from two dimensions to three, we have the randaminor.
Conceptually, the illustration consists of two interconnecting circles set transverse, with each circumference passing through each center. We can use lines of force to describe the randa minor internal field. The forces maintain an orientation by equal and opposite attraction and repulsion over the symmetrical distances the forces are presumed to act. The field polarity and/or transverse force configuration, stabilizes the orientation of the rings. Such an arrangement is consistent with observable electromagnetic fields, and it leaves little for Occam's razor.
Initial Consistency
According to the equivalence equation E=mc2, the atom has a total rest energy, equal the product of its mass and the square of the velocity of electromagnetic radiation. Kepler's third law, T2/r3=K, the constant ratio of the planet's year to its radius, or mean distance from the sun, is associated with the planet orbits in the solar frame. This ratio also applies to moon and satellite orbits around planets, although with a different value for K. The randa minor as represented in Figure 1, is consistent with the fundamental relationships put forward by Einstein, Newton, and Kepler.
That the randa minor is consistent with the fundamental relationships of celestial mechanics and relativity is a positive indicator. The randa minor structure is broadly consistent with the quark and Gauge field theories from quantum chromodynamics. The cube root of the radius of an atom, is proportional to the cube root of the atomic mass number. This makes the nuclear volume proportional to the mass number. Since the nuclear volume is proportional to the number of nucleons, the density is about the same for all nuclei. This supports a common unit for atomic structure.
The belief that few coincidences exist in science, speaks to the idea that an apparent coincidence is an undefined relationship. In the case for the randa minor, these relationships may recur at stages of construction, provided we require each stage to conform to the principle of least action, since they distinctly appear at the origin and end. These separate data suggest that the randa minor may be consistent with the structure of the atom.
Randa Minor, Overview
Visualizing one of the rings as stationary while the other travels its circumference, or compounding one of the rings and spatially locating more rings around it, offers two convenient locations to initiate tentative construction for a larger atomic structure. However, I will introduce more complex approaches, that allow for equally complex physical descriptions, in the body of this paper. I take this path to explore comfigurations that may not be self evident. It appears that any build from the randa minor on, held to adhere to the principle of least action, using a ring approach, ultimately produces similar results.
The two properties we bring to the randa minor from the mainstream paradigm
are spin and a polarity. The spin may trace to the oscillation frequency
of EMR. However, spin in the mainstream sense refers to a property
of an electron mass as it orbits around the nucleus. This property serves
the mainstream to mathematically explain the fine structure lines in an atom's
light spectra. With the randa minor I use spin in a temporary context to
suggest a possible orientation for the motion of the rings. This motion is
analogous to the spin of a record on a phonograph, and is purely a hypothetical
aide for discussion. Fine structure will be explained as a consequence of
the randaminor
build.
Figure 2. image 190> Arrows may represent energy flow direction and force lines as well, or anything that fits for a conceptual picture. The transverse orientation of force fields appears to be the most effective way to jointly confine them in space. The arrows point from each center to each circumference.
In a mechanical sense the length of the radial arrows from the center of each plane out, can represent an increasing or decreasing quantity, not limited to velocity or momentum, attendant to the ring spin on its plane. The greater the distance from the center, the greater or lesser (the focal point for each attractor is at center of each ring), are the magnitudes for these quantities. A spin of the randa minor ring provides an intuitive notion for a centripetal attractor, at the transverse intersect of the circumference on the inertial plane. The spin of either ring may accompany a stable join that is transverse and through the respective ring centers. The centrifugal force previously described by Christian Huygens, with the aid of a string and an attached overhead swinging object, and the centripetal force described by Isaac Newton as gravitational force, may originate from the principle that is represented at this join of the randa minor. Note that the transverse direction of the manifestation of the centripetal attractor is the same direction as the mainstream angular momentum vector.
Energy Conservation
There are several simple physical sequences for action that I can apply to
the randa minor, to determine a functional atomic structure. Using the
qualitative idea for a generalized process of energy conservation, the point
intersect at the centripetal attractor can be described as an energy transfer
node between a penetrating circumference and a radiating transverse
plane.
Figure 3. The intersection at the planes along the yellow and red radius arrow line AA may be treated conceptually as radius lines pointing in opposing directions, each a function of the attendant plane of radiation. Not aligned due to the pi/2 radian offset angle accompanying each plane, a deflection may occur. Since the process is nuclear in nature, and essentially unknown, such a view, while effective from a symmetry perspective, is a convenient simplification.
Looking for a means by which an oscillation can occur at the randa minor,
has led me in many directions. One of the more convenient, if improbable,
of these, is as follows: The energy is delivered by the spinning circumference,
to the transverse plane, and is broadcast radially out along the plane, to
its edge. The edge is the circumference of the ring. The energy is returned
to its origin via the point intersect at the center of the sequentially
appropriate plane. To picture this sequence, we follow the yellow arrow on
the rightmost ring in Figure 3, to the point intersect at plane [A]. We can
apply this idea to the red arrow and plane [A'] at the same time. Traveling
along the plane to either circumference, and taking that circumference to
the sequentially correct plane, and so on.. We note that a potential exists
for a break in the symmetry along the red and yellow arrow line AA' in Figure
3. Here the arrows point in opposition along each plane at a [pi/2] radial
orientation angle. The arrows representing the lines along AA', can be defined
to retain the initial directional polarity, associated with the seminal,
pre-condensed, linear energy strings. In an otherwise symmetrical field the
arrows deflect in the optimal (economic) angular direction from AA' and the
two transverse planes as represented in Figure 3. The 90 degree orientation
angle of approach with respect to the arrows along [A] and [A'] results in
a deflection from the plane for each arrow in an oppositional, bi-directional
manner. We have a 45 degree deflection with respect to the two planes, and
a dual break at 180 degrees in the self contained
symmetry.
Figure 9. image 118> Showing the spatial orientation of a join of a third element (ring). The third larger ring meets the potential at the attractor dipole or dual monopole. The third element surrounds the randa minor, and rotates around it. This can be applied conceptually succinct to explain the electron orientation for the atomic nucleus of hydrogen. Given such a plane oscillation for the electron orbital, or any other plane oscillation for that orbital, is all I require from the randa minor construct to continue with my ultimate quest for a unified field.. Here the third element serves to maintain rather than to restore a lost internal global symmetry. The third element may redefine the symmetry, acting like a Gauge field on the randa minor. This manifestation may describe the hidden attributes associated with the Yang - Mills theory, and maintain consistency with the standard model.
In Figure 3, I liberally developed a potential attractor for the third element connection at the randa minor. It may have the appearance of a fantasy construction as a result. To this I offer no argument. I'm certain that others can improve on it. It was never my intent to redefine the mainstream view of atomic structure. The ring structure was seen by me to offer a necessary bridge in order to devise a theory for a unified field. In short, I wanted this configuration for its convenience and simplicity. With this construct as the nuclear beginning, and the motion of the rings a function of frequency, we can derive a non-particle dependent explanation for the Potassium ---> Calcium, and Rubidium ---> Strontium nuclear increase at electron emission, and a convenient photo-electric effect explanation. Young's experiment can be rationally explained and we can build an atom within the known physical laws. From this atom, a star can be derived.
Polarity and Charge
I have the opposing arrows and their deflection, and the idea for a third element to attach at the resultant dipole, or dual monopole, on the randa minor at Figure 3. Figure 9 shows a third ring connecting to a dual pole attractor. Once coupled, the third ring spins a torus around the randa minor, the frequency of which describes the rate of oscillation, that, as noted, may result in a spatially fixed, pre-nuclear, or nuclear, randa minor core within the torus. This third ring oscillation around the nucleus may more accurately represent the electron orbital in hydrogen.
I posited a polarity for the linear EMR strings, and a union of the strings, based on that polar attraction, that results in the randa minor. The polarity of the randa minor may, or may not, result from a directional property intrinsic to the linear electromagnetic energy strings, now condensed as randa minor rings. This is merely a description to aid in comprehension. However, as I shall show, it is a description, that is, in principle, seminal to the randa minor, in that charge is a consequence of the removal of a portion of the third element (ring).
If we consider the join to result from the condensation of EMR emitted from stars, then, at the deflection point of the arrows in Figure 3, either pole could develop, and a dual monopole is also probable. In the case of a dual monopole, the closure of the third element (ring) will require a load to complete the circuit. In the case of two opposite poles, an expected immediate closure will provide a complete circuit. However, I will argue that the randa minor so far, has no obvious preference in this regard.
Monopole and Dipole Join
In Figure 3 I described a vector deflection that on first inspection, can only result from like polarity. We have a flow of energy, that represents the closing or delivery end of the magnitude of randa minor energy. We can redefine the polarity at the vector opposition angular deflection in Figure 3, as opposite, rather than like. This gives us a complete circuit potential, except that it is pi/2 radians out of sync. The out of sync aspect may serve to redirect the energy (likened here to current) in any case.
A question to consider here is: can we have a fractional polarity anywhere in the universe? And if so, is the out of sync aspect enough to modify the attraction of opposite poles? It would appear that a fractional anything is possible, provided it leads to stability. Since particle physics has given us a fractional charge, it is not so great a leap to consider a fractional polarity. On the face it seems that we can have a partial or fractional polarity. It would be quantized and (perhaps at close range) attracted to its opposite (but not necessarily since spatial configuration is such a defining characteristic in polar orientation), repelled by its duplicate (same situation applies but this appears as a more likely premise) and neutral to everything else (pure logical conjecture). This provides a naturally selective process that results in a well ordered complex structure, with an abundance of possible quantitative building blocks (a reasonable alternative).
Dual Poles
Selecting the dual pole, an extension must be attached to, or generated from the randa minor sufficient to enable a closure of its third ring. It appears necessary to either directly complete the circuit or connect a load. I have not fully examined a direct circuit connection at the transverse planes due to the out of sync orientation of the radial lines. On the face, it appears that this direction can be entertained with some success. However, it requires an immediate union with another randa minor. Since any direction of the investigation here, ultimately results in the union of two or more randa minors, I will present the following dual monopole and dipole alternatives:
The deliverance of energy from the randa minor at its third element, must dissipate the repulsion between two monopoles. Assuming that the randa minor is the most direct method to mathematically represent a path to stability, the question arises, how far must a dual monopole be extended, to enable it to close on itself? If the attractor poles are the same polarity, the load extension into space will enclose the maximum possible area (due to the repelling monopoles) according to the initial magnitude delivered by the randa minor (the initial source of energy being the frequency of EMR). The extension of the third element, according to the limits of the system itself, establishes a parity between the third element and the randa minor, near the twin monopole join. Extended to just allow closure of the third ring provides the atom a convenient means to easily shed a consistent quantitative amount of energy across elements, in the form of an electron. The equalized load provides an easy release of energy to the atom and offers novel insight into electric current.
The closed third element ring revolves around the randa minor (nucleus). This extends and continues the oscillation. Each revolution may accompany a polarity switching at the core and at the planes.
Applying this structure, in principle, to the hydrogen atom, the equivalence in charge between the electron and proton, transfers to the properties of the third ring and the randa minor. The removal of the part of the electron plane, results in a much smaller torus, created by the orbit of the residual portion of the third ring, still connected to the nuclear core.
See drawing at left. Allowing the drawing to serve in this explanation we need only refer to the green arrow. It points to the residual, or remains of the electron plane after the greater portion of that plane is removed. The light black conic sections represent the orbital states prior to removal of the electron. The removal of the portion of the optical, electron ring plane, leaves the green conic section, which then manifests as charge. This is depicted in the above lower right diagram. Note: Both of these diagrams originally served to explain related but more complex relationships. I am utilizing them here as a matter of convenience.
In this view, the charge magnitude calls for a quanta of energy that manifests in a specific manner and the electron is created by the randa minor construction process. This sets electron creation as a function of the atomic build. This build is consistent with the principle of least action.
Using the principle for the randa minor and the construct in Figure 9, it appears that we can describe the electron - proton hookup properties. Drawing on this comparison, the stability of the third element, energy quanta, external to the randa minor, like the electron external to the atom, reflects a leveraged ease of disassociation between the proton and electron, followed by an equivalent and strong attraction, each manifests absent the other.
Viewed in terms of an electron and proton such a join extends the low mass electron over a spatial magnitude, enabling a leveraged equivalence with the proton, near the join. The ease of electron removal and immediate strong attraction are simultaneously accounted for.
What is the similarity between the randa minor build at this stage and the electron hookup to the hydrogen atom? In both cases we describe the outer shell of each construct. Is our principle of structure for the randa minor a clue to the operation of the hydrogen electron orbit? The randa minor with a third element, as in Figure 9, may conceptually describe the proton and the electron. On the other hand, the nuclear forces may or may not be quantitatively accounted for here, with just the randa minor and a third oscillating element. The randa minor may be considerably smaller than the external face of the hydrogen atom.
At any stage of construction the randa minor appears conceptually adequate. From a qualitative perspective, the principle appears to work at many levels. If any way exists to quantitavely account for the representation of hydrogen, using the randa minor and a third element, we have an extremely promising direction for further development. For now, I allow the principle of the third randa minor element (ring) to function at the electron join for hydrogen as a conceptual aid that may approach reality. In later cases a similar aspect will apply to the optical electron in other atoms.
The third element accounts for the electron oscillation by revolving around the randa minor. It is the oscillating manifestation of the electron plane that enables the variance in electron localization, when we measure it. On electron emission, the larger portion of the electron plane disassociates from the nuclear portion of the electron plane and condenses, external to the atom, as an electron. When view as current, the outer ring does not curve back on itself to carry a load. Instead it maintains a linear connection through the center of the randaminor where each end connects to a similarly configured randaminor. Note that the third element (ring) consists of more than one EMR string. On removal from the atom what form would its condensation to an electron take. By my reasoning so far, the electron plane must condense into a form that is consistent with the randa minor form itself, since the electron is a stable, though reactive, particle.
The third element may establish a union with a fourth element, for a more complex build, however, it appears more likely that the third element attractor from one randa minor would connect to a third element attractor from another randa minor. In this case, two randa minors connect for a helium build. Such a union, if the randa minor is a valid representation, should occur with hydrogen under great pressure. This leads to the idea that two randa minors could join at their dipoles, and provided each randa minor third element extensions are the same polarity, it would be as opposite monopoles, of if the randaminor attractor nodes are opposite bipoles, it would be a join by a flip in orientation.
In the case of a dual monopole from one randaminor, any connection to another randaminor would require that randaminor to have a dual monopole of opposite polarity. The negative dual monopole from one randa minor hooks to a positive dual monopole from its oppositely charged duplicate. In this case we have a bond that is not easy to break. Comparing this to a full atom, the randa minor here may represent Helium.
Figure 10. image 117> A join of two opposite monopole randa minors. At the join the positive elements recede from the expanding now flanking negative elements. The attractor - detractor process at the join may include a minimum-maximum orientation as a part of the properties that we mathematically note as plus or minus.
We can represent either of these joins as in Figure10. Here, once we have the join, the type of dual pole hookup diminishes in significance, as either approach appears to cause the same result. In the case at Figure 10 the join can be represented from either the dual monopole, or from the dipole.
If we allow the join of two randa minors at each third element attractor, at the join of one randa minor ring to the appropriate ring of the other randa minor, one way we can build on the atom is shown above. Topologically, according to the properties we assign the construct, we arrive at some interesting features. I am including some of the more bizarre configurations to help insure that a panoramic range of possibilities is not overlooked. In the above drawings I have allowed the energy flow to continue through, what we perceive as the nucleus. The oscillating outer and inner rings may enable, or function from, this switching mechanism. At the join, the inner yellow joined rings may engage in a similar but transverse continual motion, but recede in physical size due to polar opposition from the join. The changing energy at the expanded pole may accompany increased angular velocity at the contracted pole. The outer ring expands to increase distance from the joined core. A direct comparison with local field forces and the economics of form, would suggest an inverse square rule. If that is the case, then the randa minor may be descriptive at a level as small as 10-40 centimeters. Each added element to the randa minor causes the recession of all the lower rings, and the randa minor construct has only the most surface ring as an interface to its external surround.
In Figure 10 we have no mechanically explicit way (no loose ends) to attach a fourth element as a logical extension, in the sequential, from the randa minor, to the atom, build. From here it appears that symmetry and pressure may play a major role for the continued build. Recalling that hydrogen and helium are the predominant forms of matter within the intergalactic regions of space, perhaps we can conclude that they are the only elements we have to bootstrap into existence. Thereafter, our continued construction can include the pressure attendant to large aggregates of matter.
From here, and using only the hydrogen and helium, randaminor constructs, together with high pressures and temperature, it is my belief that this method of construction will mathematically allow the build for every atom up to the atomic weight of iron, in the atomic chart, without breaking any known physical laws. I have not yet taken it further than this on a qualitative basis.
Although on the face it may initially appear that Figure 10 itself violates physical laws, the problem is with our object space interpretation of reality. This interpretation is a matter of perception. We assume that matter is the principle. We also assume that matter manifests everywhere, in the way it manifests here at surface Earth. We support this view by evidence found in light spectra at the surface of distant stars. The light spectra do not directly speak to the structure of matter interior to the stars.
I offer the randa minor as an alternative means to account for physical law. It came to me after many years, as the solution, to explain the conundrum and paradox that was always present in my mind. As I have indicated, the revolving electron plane is my primary focus. Its all I require to provide a conceptually clear English explanation of phenomena. The rest of the construct presented here, is explained in a direction that best supports the broader English explanation, but is not crucial to it. I have qualitatively investigated the randa minor, set against the mainstream laws, and find it suitable to exist at the same table with those laws. Its advantage, if used, is that it does eliminate the illogical appearing aspects in our current paradigm. Its disadvantages may be too great, but, if not, they may, mostly revolve around the costs of new texts, and the problems that may or may not reside beyond the element of iron.
In any case, the randa minor is the weakest point of my complete theory. It is also the basis for that theory. Being as I set out to understand physical phenomena without the use of the mathematics, it should come as no surprise that I am hindered in its further mathematical development. It also should come as no surprise (in hindsight for me), that an English interpretation should lead to a proposed, mathematical solution.
While I do not believe that the mathematician should be granted sole authority in the study of the physical sciences, I do believe that the mathematics is the only means by which we can verify or refute a physical theory. By stating this, it should not be taken to mean that I believe that the theories that evolve from the mathematics are verified by that mathematics. On the contrary, these theories have led us to conundrum and paradox. However, any theory derived through the English language, should, if validated by the mathematics, offer a conceptual bridge for the rest of humanity. It is with this idea, I submit this paper.
John Reed - August 08, 1999
New Science Observations
New information has it that the positron has combined with the proton in certain accelerator experiments. This would be expected to a greater or lesser degree in the randa minor view. The uncertainty regarding degree here is due to the wide brush I've used to paint this picture.